French Bread - Different Types of French Bread. Ordering Bread in France.

from
Behind the French Menu
by
Bryan G. Newman
behindthefrenchmenu@gmail.com  

The three most popular French breads.

Above left Gros Pain, lower left Pain Boule, to the right Baguettes.

Photograph courtesy of traaf

Bread in French is Spelled Pain and Pronounced  Pan.

   

Bread may be the most basic of all foods, but, in France, choosing bread is also an institution.  The French care more about bread and the types of bread available than any other nation. When you visit France look for an opportunity at breakfast to try breads outside of the obligatory baguette.

  

Baguettes straight out of the oven.

The baguettes on the upper shelf have pointed ends; see “baguette de tradition” below.

Photograph courtesy of Bob Hall
www.flickr.com/photos/houseofhall/8422489736/

 

Below the next two paragraphs is a glossary for buying French bread with all the French you need to know.

         

First-time visitors to France are often surprised by the number of independent boulangeries, bakeries, which still operate in the cities and towns, and even in some villages. Nevertheless, the number of independent bakers was 25% of the number 10–15 years ago.  

   

The oldest boulangerie, bakery, in Paris.

It is in Montmartre.

Photograph courtesy of Ron Bullard Jr.
www.flickr.com/photos/mcflossy/2201482114/

    

Despite the paragraph above, more and more French families are choosing to buy their bread in the evening for their next day's breakfast. That change is due to the exodus of traditional boulangeries; once they were on nearly every street corner, no more.  Now, either buy your bread, with preservatives, the day before or prepare to begin your day with a one and a half kilometer (0.90 miles) walk to the nearest boulangerie. (Remember that that's the same distance back). 

  

Buying French bread.  

No longer can the average Frenchman or woman enjoy bread without any additives since baguettes and ficelles without additives must be eaten, at the most, within five or six hours. Even an ordinary supermarket baguette made with preservatives will not be fresh from one morning to the next; the family will either buy a supermarket baguette the night before or buy a pain boule (pronounced pan bool), a round loaf of bread. A pain boule will be satisfactory for two to three days. After two or three days there may be toast for breakfast.

Bakeries are required to post the weight and price of each bread category they sell, and the weight must be accurate within a narrow range. As long as each bakery displays the weight of its products, apart from La Baguette de Tradition, they may use their own standards and names.

N.B. A croissant is not bread, it is a pastry and will be seen in most French homes only on the weekend. A croissant needs to be eaten fresh, and the best croissants have no preservatives; they will be bought fresh on weekend mornings. Nevertheless, all cafes and hotels offer croissants for breakfast, and you will see weekday lunch sandwiches made with large croissants.  To view the link on croissants click here.  

  

A croissant at lunchtime.

Photograph courtesy of Marco Verch

www.flickr.com/photos/30478819@N08/28554316752/

    

For an A – Z on ordering coffee in France click here.

For a link to buying cheese in France and taking it home click here.

For all the French you need to order breakfast in France click here.

For the different flours used in French cuisine click here.

For the story of the croissant click here.

   

 The pronunciation programs below are better than my written suggestions. I use them.

http://forvo.com/languages/fr/ (Best for single words)

https://www.howtopronounce.com/French/ (Best for phrases)

   

A glossary of French bread.

    

If you are visiting France and don't always have access to wifi print, or copy to your phone or tablet the glossary below and take it with you.

Pain – Bread; is the most basic of all foods. Of course, if you are like Marie Antoinette, you can get along with cake alone.  Pain is pronounced PAN.

     I cannot list all the different types of bread available in France as that would require a separate book, possibly three or four. However, I have noted the most popular types of bread seen in the boulangeries, bakeries, supermarkets, hotel breakfast menus, and restaurants. I have included a few others where I liked their names or their history:

Pain a l'Ail – Garlic bread. In France, this may be any bread flavored with garlic and then toasted.

Pain au Blé Noir or Pain au Sarrasin – Buckwheat flour bread.

Pain au Froment - Bread made from 100% wheat flour. Pain au froment with a percentage mark after the name indicates mixed flours. An example may be froment 75%; the other flour used for the remaining 25% will usually be displayed.

 

Pain au froment.
Bread made with 100% wheat flour.
Photograph courtesy of Emily Carlin
www.flickr.com/photos/emiline220/4273700153/

 

Pain au Levain - Sourdough bread. Sourdough bread may be made from wheat or rye flour; ingredients such as honey may be added. Before any additions, sourdough bread is flour, water, salt, and a culture of yeast and lactic acid bacteria. The culture ferments the flour; this fermentation releases carbon dioxide and allows the dough to rise. The taste of sourdough leavened bread is slightly acidic, and there are different aromas that lactic acid and acetic acid give off.

Pain au Son - Bran Bread. Bran bread has the bran added to refined wheat flour (from which it was initially removed). Bran comes from the hard outer layers of the grain. There is 20% to 30% bran in pain au son. Pain au son is a bread recommended to improve your digestion. You don't need bran bread if you always eat whole wheat bread.

Pain aux Noix  - Walnut bread; made with whole wheat flour and walnuts. Walnuts are France's most highly rated nut. The French name for a walnut is "noix," and that word just translates as "nut." All other nuts have unique French names added to the word noix, while the walnut is "the nut."

 

Pain au Noix - Walnut Bread.
Photograph courtesy of Bart Everson.
www.flickr.com/photos/editor/8562384993/

Pain aux Raisins  - The name for a Viennoiserie made with raisins. Viennoiseries are the name the French have given to their local equivalent of Danish pastries

Pain Azymes, Pain sans Levain or Pain Juif  – See Pain sans Levain.

Pain Baguette - The most well-known of French breads. A standard baguette is almost 70 cm (28") long, thin, and weighs 250 grams (9 ounces). Breakfast in many French homes is not breakfast without a baguette. Despite the baguettes' popularity, it is considered a Parisian bread, and many families outside Paris prefer other breads. N.B. The word baguette also means a wand and a baton. Thinner and lighter baguettes are called ficelles. (See Pain Ficelle, and Pain Flûte below)).

     There are two schools of thought when it comes to buying a baguette:

     The first school prefers crisp baguettes. To order a crisp and crunchy baguette, use the term for a well-done steak, bien cuit (pronounced bien kwee). Just say un baguette bien kwee sil voo play.

     The second school prefers a soft baguette. Just say pas trop cuit, not well done (pronounced pah trop kwee). Just say un baguette pa trop kwee sil voo play, and you will be offered a baguette with a soft crust. (The sil voo play is written s'il vous plait and means please).

 

The early morning baguette; when nothing else will do for breakfast.
Photograph courtesy of Stephan Rosger
www.flickr.com/photos/56183874@N08/5260049347/

 

Pain Baguette a l'Ail - The same as Pain a l'Ail, toasted garlic bread; here, it is made with a toasted baguette.

Pain Baguette au Levain or a Baguette Paresseuse - Sourdough Baguettes. The word paresseuse in Google Translate and most French-English online travel dictionaries translates the word as "lazy girl ."While no one I asked knew the origin of this no longer politically correct name, no one seemed to object to its continued usage either. Where a baguette paresseuse is concerned, tradition is tradition. Nevertheless, traditions have changed where servers (waiters and waitresses) are concerned. You may no longer call a server, a waiter, a garçon. If you call a server, a waiter, a boy, a "garçon" (pronounced gar-son), you may end up with the soup in your lap or the tray on your head. Address a server, a waiter, as Monsieur, and a waitress as Madame. N.B. Do not use Mademoiselle for a waitress if she is over fourteen years old. Outside of a family setting, Mademoiselle has a low-life connotation.

Pain Baguette de Tradition (La) –The traditional baguette. The original baguette only dates from the 1920s, and then it was made without any preservatives. The visual differences between traditional baguettes and today's mass-produced baguettes are not easily discerned, though many hand-made traditional baguettes have pointed ends. Search out a boulangerie that makes a "baguette traditional" and experience different tastes and textures. Baguettes are such a prominent part of the French psyche that I have prepared a separate post for those who look for the traditional baguette. The traditional baguette contains no chemical preservatives at all; it will be fresh for just two or three hours and after five hours, forget about it. For the post on La Baguette de Tradition click here.

 

La Baguette de Tradition – A traditional baguette.
Photograph courtesy of La Boulangerie du Château
This boulangerie was a winner of the Best Bakery of France award, La Meilleure Boulangerie de France. You will find them in the town of Comines just north of the city of Lille.
To find this year's winner Google:

 “Concours National de la Meilleure Baguette de Tradition Française” 

Pain Baguette au Levain – A sourdough baguette.

Pain Déjeunette – A shorter than usual baguette; about one-third the length of a full-sized baguette: the name déjeunette implies that it is enough for a petit déjeuner for breakfast. Shorter than a regular baguette, about one-third of a full-sized baguette's length. The name déjeunette implies that it is enough for a petit déjeuner for breakfast. Sandwiches offered in French Tabac will often be made with a déjeunette.

Pain Bâtard – A bastard; the name used in boulangeries that make their own bread for any loaf that comes out of the oven in an odd shape.  

Pain Beignets – French for a donut. (Beignet is pronounced bay-net). A Beignet will be a breakfast or dessert pastry sprinkled with Sucre Pâtissier - Confectioners' sugar. Pain beignets are nothing like a donut with a hole in the center; donuts with holes in France are called Beignets Américain, American donuts, and they are available in the big cities. In the picture below, the pain beignet will be on many French café menus with some filled with apples or other fruits.

 

Pain beignets and cafe au lait for breakfast.
Photograph courtesy of thotfulspot
www.flickr.com/photos/thotfulspot/3812527313/

Pain Beurrée or Tartine Beurrée –   A sliced baguette or other French bread; served in French homes with butter alongside the morning's café au lait, a milky coffee. In a French café, this tartine beurrée would be noted on the breakfast menu and offered with marmalade or jam on the side. N.B. The word tartine also indicates a sandwich, usually an open sandwich. 

Pains Biologiques, Pain Bio – Organic bread. Organic bread, marked with the government regulated and respected A.B. marking. Organic bread begins with organic agriculture and the organic flour produced. Any organic flour may be used, but all additives must be 95% organic. Within the limitations of these less than 100% organic additives, the French and E.U. regulations are much stricter than those in the USA or Canada. 

Pain Blanc  – Standard white bread. The shapes may be different from those at home.

Pain Bis - Brown bread made with rye flour.

Pain Blanc – White bread.

Pain Boule or Boule de Pain – A round loaf made from a ball of dough. Before the baguette became famous in the 1920s, the boule was considered, by France's citizens and visitors to France, to be the "French bread." Then and now, many families, especially those outside the larger cities, still place a large boule on the French breakfast table rather than a baguette. Unlike thinner breads, a pain boule will stay fresh for two or three days. The name boule means a ball, and boule gave its name to the word Boulanger, the baker of round-shaped bread. From that name came boulangeries, baker's shops.

A boule de pain on sale.

Photograph courtesy of Frédéric BISSON

www.flickr.com/photos/zigazou76/4371706375/

 

Pain Boulot – Another name for pain boule; a round loaf.

Pain Brié - A traditional wheat-based bread from Normandy. The bread is made with butter and has no connection to Brie, the cheese. The addition of butter gives this bread a decidedly different taste.    

Pain  Brié.
Photograph courtesy of Frédéric Bisson.
www.flickr.com/photos/zigazou76/4626256502/

Pain Brioché – Brioche is bread made with added eggs, butter, and a little sugar; the shape will vary with local traditions, as does the exact recipe. A brioché will often be the bread of choice when a recipe calls for bread stuffed with meats or pâté. Pates or other products cooked inside bread will be on the menu with the words en croute as part of the name; for example, Pâté En Croûte. Toasted brioché is the bread most often served alongside foie gras, fattened goose, or duck liver.      

     Recipes for a brioché vary considerably, and a brioché branded with the name of a particular area will be a local point of pride. Brioché is also the bread considered closest in taste and appearance to one of the loaves of bread baked for the Jewish Sabbath and called a "challah" or "egg challah." 

 

A brioche.
Photograph courtesy of Frédéric Bisson.
www.flickr.com/photos/zigazou76/4372463992/

Pain Brioché de Vendée, Label Rouge - A traditional braided brioche from the department of Vendée in the region of the Pays-de-Loire. The inclusion in the recipe of crème fraîche and orange zest gives this brioche its distinctive taste. This brioché began as an unusually large brioché, often over five kilos. Then it was made at home or in a bakery and served at Easter. Even larger briochés would be and often still are, served at family celebrations. Today the authentic Briochés de Vendée, those awarded the Label Rouge, the red label, are baked by professionals. The importance of the quality of this brioché is seen in the named and inspected bakeries that bake this unique Pain Brioché de Vendée. These are the only brioches and the only French bread I know of to have been awarded the French Label Rouge, the Red Label, for consistent and unmatched quality. (Gâche  was the original name of the Pain Brioché de Vendée).

Brioché de Nanterre -  A rectangular brioché from Nanterre. Nanterre is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department, the western suburbs of Paris. 

Brioché  Parisienne –The Parisian brioché. This brioché is made by forming the base in a fluted mold with a smaller round ball of dough set on top.  

Brioché Tressée de Metz  - This braided brioché is associated with the city of Metz, the prefecture of the department of Moselle. Metz was the capital of the region of Lorraine in North-Eastern France that, on 1-1-2016, became part of the new administrative region of the Grand Est. The capital of the Grande Est is Strasbourg.

Craquelin - A cracker or biscuit or a brioché-type pastry; take your pick. There are now tens of varieties of craquelins with all their histories attributed to a Belgian pastry called suikerbrood. Craquelins are similar to a French brioche but made with sugar lumps inside, placed there before cooking. The original version, Belgian or Dutch, depends on who you talk to, is or was made in loaves or individual portions. The hardtop of the loaf, which is also covered with sugar, gave the cracker or brioché its French name as it "cracks" as you cut or bite into it.

 Pogne or Pogne de Romans - A brioché type cake flavored with orange and lemon zest; supposedly traditional in the area of the Rhône Alps since Roman times. The modern variations often include rum or another eau-de vie accent. As you travel in the Rhône-Alps and look at local menus, you will find towns and villages that have created their variations with slight changes in the recipe and the name.

Pain Campagrain – Under this name are sold several different high fiber breads; campagrain bread uses two to five grains or more. The grains used include wheat, malted corn, rye, oats, barley, etc. Some bakers may include sunflower, sesame, and flax seeds; usually, all the grains used are marked along with the percentages. The shapes of Campagrain bread vary considerably, and you may also find campagrain baguettes.

Pain Complet  - Whole wheat bread. Whole wheat bread contains the germs and bran from the wheat, removed when refined white flour is produced. The bran contributes to the bread's high fiber content, and whole wheat bread contains wheat germ. The wheat germ contains many nutrients, including vitamin E and folate, essential for a healthy heart. Vitamin E also promotes healthy skin and hair. 

Pain Couronne – A ring-shaped loaf of bread with a hole in the middle; the French name translates as a crown. Couronnes still have a loyal following because they keep well, as do other round loaves, but this one is easier to slice. There are two popular sizes, a petit (small) and a grande (large), and every bakery must display their loaf's weights. Like baguettes, some patrons prefer a regular crust, and there are those who prefer their's croustillant, with a crispy crust.

Pain Cramique  – A bread similar to pain brioché but including raisins.

Pain Croûte à Potage or a Potage son sous Béret   - A bread crust used to cover soups and a béret is a beret, the head covering, in English. This bread covering may appear on the menu under various names, not only béret. 

     A soup or stew covered with a bread covering may also surprise you when it appears on your table without any prior advice. NB: These coverings are rarely designed to be eaten.          

Pain d'Épice - Gingerbread seems to be more appreciated in France than in any other country; many of its producers are considered artists. French gingerbread will often be studded with candied fruits; others may be on a menu when served with warm chocolate and or ice cream. Gingerbread is also used to create imaginative window displays and unique birthday cakes. One of the most famous types of French gingerbread is the Pain d'Épices de Dijon, the gingerbread of Dijon. Dijon may be famous for its mustard, but its gingerbread is second to none among the cognoscenti. Gingerbread is made with wheat, rye, or mixed flours flavored with ginger and sweetened with honey. Depending on the tradition, other spices, including nutmeg, cloves, and cinnamon, may be added.

 

A gingerbread house.
Too good to eat?
Photograph courtesy of Kermitfrog :-D.
www.flickr.com/photos/muriel67/3089351975/

Pain de Campagne or Pain Miche - Country bread. This bread may have many recipes and shapes. The flour used may be standard wheat flour, whole wheat flour, or mixed flours. Nevertheless, real Pain de Campagne is made with natural leavening, not commercial yeast. The taste is mild and somewhat similar to American sourdough bread, making for an enjoyably chewy bread and crust.   

 

Pain de Campagne
Photograph courtesy of Bryan Alexander
www.flickr.com/photos/bryanalexander/2418729465/

 

Pain de Mais - Cornbread.

Pain Miche -  (See Pain de Campagne).    

Pain de Mie or Pain Carré - Pain de Mie directly translated means soft bread, and Pain Carré means square bread. The French will use this square, soft bread for sandwiches as it is often sold sliced; it will also be used for toast. For those used to sliced British sandwich bread, this is the nearest you'll find to it in France.

 

Pain de Mie.
Photograph courtesy of RDPixelShop
www.flickr.com/photos/dpbear/6218572961/

 Pain de Siegel or Pain Noir - Rye bread. Rye bread is made with different percentages from the flours made with rye grain. It is higher in fiber than white bread, darker in color, and more robust in flavor.     

Pain Déjeunette – A shorter than usual baguette; about one-third the length of a full-sized baguette. The name déjeunette implies that it is enough for a petit déjeuner, which means for breakfast. A Déjeunette is about one-third the length of a full-sized baguette. Sandwiches offered in a French Tabac will often be made with a déjeunette. 

 

Déjeunettes
Photograph courtesy of Vandemoortele

 

Pain Doré  - Golden bread; one of the names for French toast. See Pain Perdu.    

Pain Ficelle – The word ficelle translates as a string, and this is a long thin loaf, shorter than a baguette. A ficelle weighs around 125 grams (4.50 grams); you will want to eat it the same day as it will be stale by morning. Outside of bakeries and supermarkets, the word ficelle may be on your menu with meanings unrelated to bread.

Bœuf en Ficelle - Beef tied by a string and cooked while suspended above and in a boiling broth.

Ficelle Picardie - A crêpe stuffed with mushrooms, ham, and poultry. The finished crêpe is baked in a béchamel sauce with Gruyere cheese and served gratinée.

Pain Flûte –  A longer and thicker version of a baguette. Flûtes were around for at least 50 years before baguettes were officially recognized in 1919. While there are no legal definitions for a flute, most will weigh about 400 grams (14 ounces); compare that with a baguette that weighs about 250 grams (9 ounces).

Pain Forgeron –  A farmhouse-type bread with added sunflower, sesame seeds, and flax seeds.

Pain Fougasse or Fougassette – A traditional bread originated in the City of Nice and the surrounding villages in Provence. The fougasse was originally just a crusty bread made of baguette dough brushed with olive oil and flavored with orange zest. That is still the tradition, but many Fougasse versions have changed beyond recognition. Without a change of name, the Fougasse and Fougassette now come with a wide variety of shapes, recipes, and flavors spread all over Provence and beyond. The provenance of this bread is claimed by the Italians, who point to their focaccia bread. Nevertheless, in Provence, no recipe is written in stone, and most of today's Fougasse breads can only have the most limited connection to any Italian ancestors.  

 

Fougasse bread with many flavors.
Photographed on sale in the St Tropez market
Photograph by courtesy of Monica Arellano-Ongpin
www.flickr.com/photos/maong/6896703741

Pain Grillé or Toast – Toasted bread; toast. The French word 'toster' came to England from France with the Norman invasion in 1066, where it meant grilled or to grill. The French took home the Anglicized word toast and now use it with its modern English meaning. Today, the word toast is just as popular as the correct French name for toasted bread, pain grille. For more about the French connection and the English kitchen, click here.

Gros Pain - A large bread sold in various shapes and sizes and traditionally sold by weight.

Pain Maison – Homemade bread.

Pain Nordique – See Pain Polaire.

Pain Parisien – Another name for a standard baguette; however, the name may also be used for bread shaped like a baguette but with different lengths and weights. (See Pain Baguette). 

Pain Polaire, also called Pain Suédois and Pain Nordique - Polar bread, Swedish bread, or Nordic bread; this is the traditional a rye-flour-based flatbread with dimples. 

Pain Perdu - French toast. In French, the translation of pain perdu means lost bread, indicating bread considered too stale to use. Despite the name, one of the few things you can do with stale bread is to make French toast. The original French version of French toast is bread soaked in milk with added sugar and vanilla or another flavoring. The bread will then be dipped in eggs and fried in butter until golden brown. 

     Pain perdu is popular at breakfast or as a light evening snack in private homes.

Pain Rassis – Stale bread; this could become pain perdu.

Pain sans Levain, Pain Azymes, or Pain Juif  – Unleavened bread and the French name for the traditional Jewish matzo eaten during the Jewish Feast of Passover.

Pain Tresse – Braided bread; usually a brioché. 

Pains Spéciaux – Specialty breads; this may be on a sign in a specialty baker's shop. The offering can include bread made with seeds from Épeautre or Petit Épeautre, Spelt or Dinkel Wheat, or Small Spelt or Einkorn, whose seeds come from the ancestors of modern wheat. Specialty breads may also be made with unique mixtures of grains and seeds, added fats, sweeteners, and dairy products; most will be marked with short explanations.

Petit Pains - Bread rolls; there are different names for each shape and recipe used for the traditional bread rolls offered in a restaurant or sold in a supermarket. However, the only name you will need for a bread roll is petite pain. Unless you are dining in a place with many tourists, your bread rolls will be served without butter on the side. That is how most Frenchmen and women eat bread in a restaurant before lunch or dinner. Still, you are paying the piper, so just say "du beurre s'il vous plaît" (pronounced doo bur si voo play), and butter will appear. Every French home will have bread and butter in the morning, but bread rolls in a restaurant are another story.

Tartine - At breakfast, a Tartine Beurrée means bread and butter.  

     However, Tartine is also the French word for an open sandwich, and the word Tartine will often be used interchangeably with the English word sandwich. While most Tartines are open sandwiches, that is by no means a rule set in stone; the ingredients in or on a Tartine vary with the area, the season, and the sandwich's creator.

 

Tartine with avocado, smoked salmon,
and fresh goat’s cheese.
Photograph courtesy of Fourchette & Bikini

Tartine Beurrée or Pain Beurrée - Bread and butter.

Tartine Italienne – The French take on the Italian bruschetta. Slices of toasted bread, sometimes toasted garlic bread; served with hot or cold cooked vegetables, chicken livers, or pate.

 

Who makes the best bread?

   

Excellence in baking bread is an essential requirement for any would-be French chef. No chef will receive a full graduation diploma from any serious French cooking school if his or her bread-making does not make the grade.  In the better French restaurants, you will be offered three or more different, home-made petite pains, bread rolls. French diners will judge a restaurant's offering of bread rolls with the same discerning eye that they use to assess its other offerings. In many towns, restaurant chefs take part, with independent boulangeries, in good-natured, local, bread-making competitions.  Some excellent restaurants in France bring in bread, and bread rolls, from famous bakers and promote their links to one of France’s Meilleur Boulangers, master bakers.  Good bread is very important in France!

  

Many cities have competitions built around baguettes and other bread made in the traditional manner without preservatives. For more on those competitions and how to find the winning bakeries see the post: Searching for the perfect baguette?

         

 I could not include in this post all the breads available and created in France, as that would require a book, possibly two books. Included are the popular breads seen in most bakeries, supermarkets, on hotel breakfast menus, and in restaurants. Excluded, unfortunately, are many fun and compelling types of bread that are typical to parts of certain regions. When you encounter one of these different breads on your travels, taste and enjoy; twenty kilometers away the recipe, shape, and name will have changed.

A picnic in France.

A picnic in France is an opportunity to rendezvous with three or four different breads of your own choosing; only one should be regular white bread and for that choose a baguette. Take along a couple of cheeses, French butter, a pate and an enjoyable bottle, or two, of wine; then French bread will make its preeminence clear. Bon appetite!  

N.B. Don’t buy too much cheese or pate; I have made that mistake many times.  If your picnic includes 2 or 3 kinds of cheese and a pate, then 25 grams (3.5 oz) per person of each cheese and pate is more than enough. A Frenchman or woman organizing the same picnic would recommend 20 grams (2.50 oz) per cheese and pate and leave out the butter. 

A picnic in a French city park.

For a lunchtime picnic in a city park for 2 to 4 people buy two small loaves, or one baguette and a small loaf and a total of 100 grams  (4.20 oz) of cheese and pate per person.  To that add the half bottle of wine per person that nearly everyone believes they will consume.  If you have added those incredible croissants, and the amazing chocolate eclairs that you saw in the shop cut the other quantities in half.

Bread in the language of France’s neighbors:
(Catalan - pa), (Dutch - brood), (German - brot), (Italian - pane), (Spanish – pan).

--------------------------------

Behind the French Menu
by
Bryan G. Newman 
Copyright 2010, 2013, 2015, 2019, 2023.

behindthefrenchmenu@gmail.com

 

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En Croûte (En Croute) - Cooked and Served Inside a Pastry or Herbal Casing. En Croûte in French Cuisine.

Épeautre et Petit Épeautre – Spelt or Dinkel Wheat and Small Spelt or Einkorn. These Ancient Predecessors of Wheat are Part of French Cuisine.

Farine - Flour. The flour in your French bread, crepes, and other delights.

Foie Gras in French Cuisine. Foie Gras is Fattened Goose or Duck Liver Foie. Foie Gras on French Menus.

Garlic – Ail.  Garlic in French Cuisine. Herbs and Spices in the French Kitchen.

 

Gingembre – Ginger, the Spice. Ginger is very important in French Cuisine, and Gingerbread is Very Popular.

Jambon Sec (Cru) - Air-Cured Ham. The Ten Most Popular Air-Cured Hams on French Menus.

Macis and Fleur de Muscade, Mace and Nutmeg. Important Spices in French Cuisine.

  

Marmelade – Marmalade in French cuisine.

 

Miel - Honey. The Many Wonderful Honeys of France. Honey on French Menus

Moutarde – Mustard and French cuisine.

  

Noix – The Walnut. France’s Beloved Nut

Ordering a Steak in France, Cooked the Way you Like it.

Ordering Breakfast in France; the French Breakfast Menu.

Ordering Coffee in France, The A - Z of Ordering Coffee in France.

Pates and Terrines. An introduction to the meat, fish, vegetable and fruit pates on French menus.

   

Sauce Béchamel, Sauce Bechamel. One of the Five Mother sauces in French Cuisine.

  

Searching for the Perfect Baguette? The Perfect Baguette is a Baguette de Tradition Française.

 

Sucre – Sugar. Sugar on French Menus and Sugar in French Cuisine.

The Croissant and its History. The Croissant is France's Most Famous Pastry, but its Origins Come From Outside France.

   

The French Connection and The English Kitchen .

 Vendée - Dining in Vendee, France. The Department of Vendee is in France’s Region of the Pays de Loire on the Atlantic Coast.

Visiting a Cafe in France and the Story Behind Coffee.